He raruraru te whiriwhiri i te maimoatanga mata e pā ana ki ngā kaihoahoa katoa. He maha ngā momo whiringa maimoatanga mata e wātea ana, ā, me whakaaro te kaihoahoa taumata teitei ki te ōhanga me te whaihua o te hoahoa, engari me aro hoki ki te tukanga huihuinga me ngā whakaritenga taiao. Kei raro nei he whakataki poto ki ētahi paninga e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō ngā whakapiripiri i runga i ngā mātāpono o runga ake nei, hei tohutoro mā ngā tohunga whakapiripiri.
1. Te whakapūmau hiko
Ko te konutea te paninga e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō ngā whakapiri arumoni. He iti te utu, ā, he pai te āhua. Ko ngā tae noa ko te mangu me te kakariki hōia. Heoi, he toharite tōna mahi ārai-waikura, ā, ko tōna mahi ārai-waikura te mea iti rawa i roto i ngā paparanga paninga konutea. I te nuinga o te wā, ka mahia te whakamātautau rehu tote kūpapa o te maitai piauau i roto i ngā haora 72, ā, ka whakamahia hoki ngā kaihoko hiri motuhake hei whakarite kia roa te whakamātautau rehu tote kūpapa mō te neke atu i te 200 haora. Heoi, he nui te utu, arā, 5-8 ngā wā i te maitai piauau noa.
He ngāwari te tukanga whakapūmau hiko ki te pakarukaru hauwai, nō reira, ko ngā pūtu i runga ake i te taumata 10.9, kāore e whakamahia te whakapūmau hiko. Ahakoa ka taea te tango i te hauwai mā te whakamahi i te oumu i muri i te whakakikorua, ka pakaru te kiriata whakakore i ngā pāmahana neke atu i te 60 ℃, nō reira me tango te hauwai i muri i te whakakikorua hiko me mua i te whakakore. He ngoikore te mahi a tēnei, ā, he nui ngā utu tukatuka. Ko te mea pono, kāore ngā whare whakaputa whānui e tango kaha i te hauwai ki te kore e whakahaua e ētahi kiritaki.
He ngoikore, he koretake hoki te ōritetanga i waenga i te taipana me te kaha whakakī i mua i te whakau o ngā here whakapūmau, ā, kāore i te whakamahia mō te hono i ngā wāhanga nui. Hei whakapai ake i te ōritetanga o te utaina taipana i mua, ka taea hoki te whakamahi i te tikanga paninga hinu i muri i te whakakikorua hei whakapai ake me te whakarei ake i te ōritetanga o te utaina taipana i mua.
2. Te whakapūhaumāota
Ko tētahi mātāpono taketake ko te iti ake o te utu mō te whakapūkara i te whakapūkara, engari he kino ake tōna ātete ki te waikura i te whakapūkara. I muri i te whakapūkara, me pania he hinu, ā, he hononga tata tōna ātete ki te waikura ki te mahi a te hinu e pania ana. Hei tauira, i muri i te whakapūkara, me pania he hinu ārai waikura whānui me te whakamātautau rehu tote kūpapa mō te 10-20 hāora anake. Ka roa pea te paninga o te hinu ārai waikura kounga teitei ki te 72-96 hāora. Engari e 2-3 ngā wā o tōna utu i te hinu whakapūkara whānui.
E rua ngā momo whakapūkara e whakamahia whānuitia ana mō ngā whakapiri, arā, ko te whakapūkara konutea me te whakapūkara manganese. He pai ake te mahi whakahinuhinu o te whakapūkara konutea i te whakapūkara manganese, ā, he pai ake te ātete ki te waikura me te ātete ki te kakahu o te whakapūkara manganese i te whakakikorua konutea. Ka taea te whakamahi i ngā pāmahana mai i te 225 ki te 400 nekehanga Fahrenheit (107-204 ℃). Ina koa mō te hononga o ētahi wāhanga nui. Pērā i ngā pūtu me ngā nati o te mīhini, te pane rango, te whāriki matua, ngā pūtu wira rere, ngā pūtu wira me ngā nati, me ētahi atu.
Ka whakamahia te whakapūkara phosphate ki ngā pūtu kaha-teitei, ka taea hoki te karo i ngā raruraru pakaru hauwai. Nō reira, ko ngā pūtu i runga ake i te taumata 10.9 i roto i te ao ahumahi ka whakamahia te maimoatanga mata whakapūkara phosphate.
3. Te whakapōrearea (te mangu)
He paninga rongonui te paninga pango me te hinu mō ngā whakapiripiri ahumahi nā te mea koia te mea iti te utu, ā, he ātaahua te āhua i mua i te paunga o te wahie. Nā te mea ka pango, kāore e taea te ārai i te waikura, nō reira ka tere te waikura me te kore hinu. Ahakoa kei te aroaro o te hinu, e 3-5 hāora anake te roa o te whakamātautau rehu tote.
4. Te wehewehe hiko
He tino pai te ātete o te whakakikoruatanga cadmium ki te waikura, inā koa i roto i ngā taiao hau moana, ki te whakaritea ki ētahi atu maimoatanga mata. He nui te utu maimoatanga wai para i roto i te tukanga whakakikoruatanga hiko cadmium, ā, ko tōna utu he 15-20 ngā wā i te whakakikoruatanga hiko konutea. Nō reira, kāore e whakamahia i roto i ngā ahumahi whānui, engari mō ngā taiao motuhake anake. Ka whakamahia ngā whakapiri mō ngā papa keri hinu me ngā waka rererangi HNA.
5. Whakakikoruatia ki te chromium
He tino pumau te paninga chromium i roto i te hau, kāore e ngāwari ki te huri tae me te ngaro o te kanapa, ā, he tino pakeke, he pai hoki te ātete ki te kakahu. Ko te whakamahinga o te paninga chromium ki ngā whakapiripiri he mea whakamahi noa mō ngā kaupapa whakapaipai. Kāore i te tino whakamahia i roto i ngā mara ahumahi he nui te ātete ki te waikura, nā te mea he rite te utu o ngā whakapiripiri chrome pai ki te kowiri tira. Mēnā kāore i te rawaka te kaha o te kowiri tira, ka whakamahia ngā whakapiripiri chrome hei whakakapi.
Hei ārai i te waikura, me whakakikorua tuatahi te parahi me te nikara i mua i te whakakikoruatanga o te konukōre. Ka taea e te paninga konukōre te tu atu i ngā pāmahana teitei o te 1200 nekehanga Fahrenheit (650 ℃). Engari he raruraru anō hoki ko te pakarukaru hauwai, he rite ki te whakapūmau hiko.
6. Whakakikorua nikara
Ka whakamahia whānuitia ki ngā wāhi e hiahia ana kia ārai i te waikura me te kawe hiko pai. Hei tauira, ko ngā pito putanga o ngā pākahiko waka.
7. Te whakapūmau wera-toia
Ko te whakapūmau wera he paninga horapa wera o te konutea kua werahia ki te wai. Ko te matotoru o te paninga kei waenga i te 15 me te 100 μm. Ā, ehara i te mea ngāwari ki te whakahaere, engari he ātete pai ki te waikura, ā, he maha ngā wā e whakamahia ana i roto i te hangarau. I te wā o te tukanga whakapūmau wera, ka nui te parahanga, tae atu ki te para konutea me te kohu konutea.
Nā te matotoru o te paninga, kua uaua te whakawiri i ngā miro o roto, o waho hoki i roto i ngā hononga. Nā te pāmahana o te tukatuka whakawera wera, kāore e taea te whakamahi mō ngā hononga i runga ake i te taumata 10.9 (340~500 ℃).
8. Te urunga o te konutea
Ko te urunga konutea he paninga wera whakarewa totoka o te paura konutea. He pai tōna ōritetanga, ā, ka taea te whiwhi i tētahi paparanga ōrite i roto i ngā miro me ngā kōhao matapo. Ko te matotoru o te paninga he 10-110 μm. Ā, ka taea te whakahaere i te hapa i te 10%. Ko tōna kaha piri me tana mahi ārai-waikura ki te papa ko ngā mea pai rawa atu i roto i ngā paninga konutea (pēnei i te whakapūmau hiko, te whakapūmau wera-tuku, me te Dacromet). Ko tana tukanga tukatuka he kore parahanga, ā, ko te mea tino pai ki te taiao.
9. Dacromet
Kāore he raruraru pakarukaru hauwai, ā, he tino pai te mahi ōrite o te utaina taipana. Ahakoa te kore e whakaarohia te chromium me ngā take taiao, ko Dacromet te mea tino pai mō ngā whakapiri kaha-teitei me ngā whakaritenga ārai-waikura teitei.
Wā tuku: Mei-19-2023
